Relationship between fluid loss variation and physical activity during official games in elite soccer players. [Relaciones entre la variación de pérdida de líquidos y la actividad física durante partidos oficiales en jugadores de fútbol de élite].

Leo Djaoui, Vincent Pialoux, Emmanuel Vallance, Adam Owen, Alexandre Dellal

Resumen


Abstract

The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationships between fluid ingestion, changes in body mass and physical activity amongst elite soccer players. 32 elite French soccer players were divided into six playing positions: goalkeepers (GK), central defenders (CD), full backs (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM) and forwards (FW) and participated in official friendly matches within two consecutive pre-season periods. Body mass changes and fluid ingestion were recorded before, during and just after the matches. Time-motion characteristics were also analysed. Players ingested 1.4±0.6 L of fluids during matches and lost 1.4±0.6 kg at the end of the games. WM lost more weight than GK, FB and FW (p<0.05) and CM lost more weight than GK (p<0.05). Furthermore, CD covered significantly less total distance, high (HI) and very high intensity running distance than all other playing positions excluding GK (p<0.05); and WM covered greater distances at HI than all other playing positions. No differences were found in fluid ingestion between playing positions. The results of this study indicate that sweat loss was significantly different when comparing across various playing positions. As a result, sweat lost may be more influenced by HI activity during a game than other physical activity within game scenarios. Therefore, players with the highest amount of HI activities during a match should even more pay attention to their rehydration.

Resumen

El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en analizar las relaciones entre la ingesta de líquidos, cambios en la composición corporal y en la actividad física en jugadores de élite. La muestra estaba compuesta por 32 jugadores franceses de élite divididos en seis posiciones de juego: porteros (P), defensas centrales (DC), laterales (L), mediocentros (M), Extremos (E) y delanteros (D). Se registraron en dos partidos amistosos jugados en la pretemporada. Los cambios en composición corporal y la ingesta de líquidos se realizaron antes, durante y después de los partidos. Los datos sobre rendimiento físico también fueron registrados. Los jugadores tomaron 1.4±0.6 L de líquidos durante los partidos y perdieron 1.4±0.6 L al terminar los mismos. Los E perdieron más peso que los P, L y D (p<0.05) y los M más que los P (p<0.05). Asimismo, los DC corrieron menos distancia total, a alta (HI) y muy alta intensidad que el resto de puestos de juego, con excepción de los P (p<0.05); y los E recorrieron más distancias a HI que los otros puestos de juego. No se encontraron diferencias sobre la ingesta de líquidos entre puestos de juego. Los resultados del estudio indican que la pérdida de líquidos por sudor fue diferente entre los puestos de juego. De modo que la pérdida de sudor pudo afectar la actividad a HI durante el partido por encima de otros parámetros físicos en los escenarios de competición. Por lo tanto, los jugadores con mayor actividad a HI en los partidos deberían tener una mayor atención a los aspectos de rehidratación.

https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2018.05101

References/referencias

Barr, S. I. (1999). Effects of dehydration on exercise performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24(2), 164-72.

Bradley, P. S.; Sheldon, W.; Wooster, B.; Olsen, P.; Boanas, P., & Krustrup, P. (2009). High intensity running in English FA premier league soccer matches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(2), 159-68.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802512775

Broad, E. M.; Burke, L. M.; Cox, G. R.; Heeley, P., & Riley, M. (1996). Body weight changes and voluntary fluid intakes during training and competition sessions in team sports. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6(3), 307-20.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Cosgrove, S. D.; Love, T. D.; Brown, R. C.; Baker, D. F.; Howe, A. S., & Black, K.E. (2014). Fluid and electrolyte balance during two different preseason training sessions in elite rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(2), 520-7.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182986d43

Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 39-55.

Dellal, A. (2008). Analysis of the soccer player’s physical activity and of its consequences in the training: Special reference to the high intensity intermittent exercises and the small sided-games [thesis of Physiology of Exercise]. France: Strasbourg University

Dellal, A.; Chamari, K.; Wong, D. P.; Ahmaidi, S.; Keller, D.; Barros, R., et al. (2011). Comparison of physical and technical performance in European soccer match-play: FA Premier League and La Liga. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 51-9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.481334

Dellal, A.; Wong, D. P.; Moalla, W., & Chamari K. (2010). Physical and technical activity of soccer players in the French First League – with special reference to their playing position. International Sport Med Journal, 11(2), 278-90.

Di Salvo, V.; Benito, P. J.; Calderon, F. J.; Di Salvo, M.; Pigozzi, F. (2008). Activity profile of elite goalkeepers during football match-play. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(4), 443-6.

Duffield, R.; McCall, A.; Coutts, A. J., & Peiffer, J. J. (2012). Hydration, sweat and thermoregulatory responses to professional football training in the heat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(10), 957-65.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.689432

Edwards, A. M., Noakes, T. D. (2009).  Dehydration: cause of fatigue or sign of pacing in elite soccer? Sports Medicine, 39(1), 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939010-00001

Edwards, A. M.; Mann, M.E.; Marfel-Jones, M. J.; Rankin, D. M.; Noakes, T. D., & Shillington, D. P. (2007). Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 385-91.

King RF, Cooke C, Carroll S, O’Hara J. (2008). Estimating changes in hydration status from changes in body mass: considerations regarding metabolic water and glycogen storage. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(12), 1361-3.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802192768

Kurdak, S. S.; Shirreffs, S. M.; Maughan, R. J.; Ozgünen, K. T.; Zeren, C.; Korkmaz, S., et al. (2010). Hydration and sweating responses to hot-weather football competition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 20(Suppl3):133-9.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01218.x.

Lago-Peñas, C.; Sampaio, J. (2015) Just how important is a good season start? Overall team performance and financial budget of elite soccer clubs. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(12), 1214-8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.986184

Maughan, R. J. (1999). Exercise in the heat: limitations to performance and the impact of fluid replacement strategies. Introduction to the symposium. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 1 24(2), 149-51.

Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M. (2012). Hydration and performance during Ramadan. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(Suppl 1), S33-S41.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.688140

Maughan, R. J.; Merson, S. J.; Broad, N. P., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2004).  Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14, 333-46.

Maughan, R. J.; Watson, P.; Evans, G. H.; Broad, N., & Shirreffs SM. (2007). Water balance and salt losses in competitive football. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(6), 583-94.

McGregor, S. J.; Nicholas, C. W.; Lakomy, H.K., & Williams, C. (1999). The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(11), 895-903.

Mohr, M., Krustrup, P. (2013). Heat stress impairs repeated jump ability after competitive elite soccer games. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(3), 683-9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JSC.0b013e31825c3266

Mohr, M.; Krustrup, P.; Bangsbo, J. (2005). Fatigue in soccer: a brief review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 593-99.

Mohr, M.; Mujika, I.; Santisteban, J.; Randers, M. B.; Bischoff, R.; Solano, R., et al. (2010)  Examination of fatigue development in elite soccer in a hot environment: a multi-experimental approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(Suppl3), 125-32.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01217.x

Nassis, G. P.; Brito, J.; Dvorak, J.; Chalabi, H.; Racinais, S. (2015). The association of environmental heat stress with performance: analysis of the 2014 FIFA world cup Brazil. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 609-13.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094449

Nedelec, M.; McCall, A.; Carling, C.; Legall, F.; Berthoin, S., & Dupont, G. (2012). Recovery in soccer: part I – post-match fatigue and time course of recovery. Sports Medicine, 42(12), 997-1015.
https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000

Owen, J. A.; Kehoe, S. J., & Oliver, S.J. (2013). Influence of fluid intake on soccer performance in a temperate environment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(1), 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.720701

Ozgünen, K. T.; Kurdak, S. S.; Maughan, R. J.; Zeren, C.; Korkmaz, S.; Yazici Z, et al. (2010).  Effect of hot environmental conditions on physical activity patterns and temperature response of football players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 20(Suppl3), 140-7.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01218.x

Saw, A. E.; Main, L. C., & Gastin P.B. (2015). Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 0, 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758

Sawka, M. N., Montain, S. J. (2000). Fluid electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat stress. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2 Suppl), 564S-72S.

Shirreffs, S. M.; Aragon-Vargas, L. F.; Chamorro, M.; Maughan, R. J.; Seratosa, L, & Zachwieja, J. J. (2005). The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 90-5.

Shirreffs, S. M.; Sawka, M. N., & Stone, M. (2006). Water and electrolyte needs for football training and match play. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(7), 699-707. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500482677

Stofan, J. R.; Osterberg, K. L.; Horswill, C. A.; Lacamba, M.; Eichner, E. R.; Anderson, S. A., & Murray, R. (2007). Daily fluid turnover during preseason training in U.S. college football. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(4), 340-51.

Watanabe, N.; Wicker, P.; Yan, G. (2017). Weather conditions, travel distance, rest, and running performance: the 2014 FIFA world cup and implications for the future. Journal of Sports Management, 31, 27-43.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0077



Palabras clave/key words


sport medicine; fatigue; drinking; dehydration; football

Texto completo/Full Text:

PDF (English) PDF




------------------------ 0 -------------------------

RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte
logopublisher_168


Publisher: Ramón Cantó Alcaraz
ISSN:1885-3137 - Periodicidad Trimestral / Quarterly
Creative Commons License